Chapter 10 The Coastal South

The Coastal South includes the land and offshore islands along the Coast of the Atlantic Ocean and the Gulf of Mexico from Virginia southward and westward to south Texas.  "Culturally the coastal South is a pulsating and diverse mixing zone of people from Europe, Africa, the Caribbean, and other parts of Latin America as well as other parts of the world."  (Hardwick, pg. 189) This contributes to its current cosmopolitan outlook, economy, resorts, and beaches.  Honolulu Oahu is the third largest Hawaiian island with 180 km of general coastline that contours a highly irregular shape that was greatly influenced by two massive landslides, that removed ~1/3 of the northeastern portion of the island and aproximately 1/2 of the western side.  Today, the shape of Oahu is constrained by two great mountain ranges that are the eroded remnants of two separate shields truncated by the prodigious slides.Oahu is the most densely populated Hawaiian island.  The combination of a dense population, government, and an industry dedicated to tourism, results in heavy use of the islands shorelines. 

                

Resource
http://www.soest.hawaii.edu/coasts/publications/hawaiiCoastline/oahu.html

Chapter 9 the Inland South

     

     Hawaii is not located anywhere near the Inland South.  "The Southeastern United States is a region of contrast, diversity, and long history.  For centuries, the South was very distinctive relative to the rest of the North America with respect to its culture and economy." (Hardwick, pg. 171)  Honolulu is the natural gateway to the islands of Hawaii.  It is has a large tourism industry, which brings lots of visitors which contribute to the economy.  Honolulu's location contributes to the large business and trading hub between the East and the West.  
     Honolulu began its economic life in the mid-nineteenth century as a port for whalers; it was also a trade center for nations bordering the Pacific, dealing in such goods as sandalwood, whale oil, and fur. While markets for sandalwood and whale oil decreased, sugar and pineapple markets increased dramatically. In fact, the powerful sugar industry, owned mainly by Americans, engineered the downfall of Hawaii's last monarch and the islands' annexation by the United States. Today, one-fifth of the land in Honolulu County is zoned for agriculture, but fields are now giving way to new homes and commercial development. With the closure of sugar plantations, challenges arise to find the most productive use for these lands. Diversified agriculture has been on a steady upward trend. Aquaculture, which includes cultivated species of shellfish, finfish and algae, has grown in recent year.  Honolulu's location in the mid-Pacific makes it a major stopover for trans-Pacific sea and air shipments. Honolulu Harbor has a highly successful Foreign Trade Zone and 10 major shipping companies serving the port. The harbor also has terminals for commercial fishing, cruise ships, and ferries.

 Resource
 http://www.city-data.com/us-cities/The-West/Honolulu-Economy.html

Chapter 8 The Great Lakes and Corn Belt

     The Great Lakes and Corn Belt region also does not apply to Honolulu.  The Great Lakes and Corn Belt are called and are known as the "heartland" of North America.  This term is used because the area is located near the geographic center of North America.  (Hardwick, pg. 151)
     The Beaches of Honolulu are great attraction and are extremely fantastic the following beaches that are visited by the tourist while visiting Honolulu.  Ala Moana Beach Park and Magic Island.  It is stretched on an area of about 100 acres in the middle of Honolulu.  Hanauma Bay is also in the island of Honolulu which was created from a collapsed volcano crater and the bay is filled with crowds of visitors due to its phenomenal marine life and hiking trails. 


               
                        

Chapter 7 Honolulu Megalopolis

     Megalopolis describes the densely populated urban corridor of the northeastern United States.  "In originating the term, Gottmann was referring to the fact that the five major cities that comprise Megalopolis-Boston, New York, Philadelphia, Baltimore and Washington-have expanded so much that they have in effect become a single very large metropolitan area."  (Hardwick, pg. 129)  Though it does not apply to Honolulu as mentioned before Honolulu is the urban area on the southeastern shore of the island of Oahu.  Honolulu means "sheltered bay" its population of Honolulu is 374,658 (2009).  Honolulu is known for its theater and dance. 

     The Culture of Honolulu is filled with many landmarks and museums that have lots of rich history of the islands.  There are a number of different races living in Honolulu. The majority of the population is Asian, who make up around fifty six percent of the total population. The rest of the population is made up by African American or Blacks who make up around two percent, Whites who make up around twenty percent, Native American who make up around 0.19 percent, Pacific Islanders who make up around seven percent, and the remaining almost fifteen percent is made up of other races. Out of the total population, the percentage Latinos or Hispanic belonging to any race is a little more than four percent of the total population of Honolulu.

     One of the prime landmarks of the port island of Honolulu is the Aloha Tower which is a lighthouse and it is one of the most popular buildings amongst all the other scattered over the islands of Hawaii. The tower was inaugurated on the 11 the of September in the year 1926 and is located on the Pier 9 at the Harbor of Honolulu.  In remembrance they have a dance in the Polynesian culture Center. 


Resources
http://abouthonolulu.org/Population-of-Honolulu.htm
http://www.citytowninfor.com/places/hawaii/honolulu

Chapter 5 Atlantic Periphery

     The Atlantic Periphery does not apply to Honolulu.  The Atlantic Periphery includes the Canadian provinces of Newfoundland and Labrador, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, and New Brunswick.  These four provinces are known as the Atlantic Periphery.  (Hadwick, pg. 91) I will be covering the Honolulu's climate.

     Mild temperatures, cool and persistent northeasterly winds, a rainy season from October through April, and a dry season from May through September characterize the climate of Oahu (Blumenstock and Price, 1967; Sanderson, 1993). Topography and the location of the north Pacific anticyclone relative to the island primarily control the climate of Oahu. During the dry season the stability of the north Pacific anticyclone produces persistent northeasterly winds, known locally as trade winds, that blow 80 to 95 percent of the time. During the rainy season, migratory weather systems often move past the Hawaiian islands, resulting in less persistent trade winds that blow 50 to 80 percent of the time. Southerly winds associated with low-pressure systems can bring heavy rains to the island. The dry coastal leeward areas receive much of their rainfall because of these low-pressure systems. During heavy storms, 24-hour rainfall can exceed 10 in. over coastal areas and 20 in. over the mountainous interior of the Koolau Range (Giambelluca and others, 1984).
    
 The following the the is Data for Honolulu's climate for the year.

Climate - Honolulu - Hawaii

Temperature - Precipitation - Sunshine

C | F

	Jan	Feb	March	April	May	June
Average high in °F	80	81	82	83	85	87
Average low in °F	66	65	67	68	70	72
Av. precipitation - inch	2.72	2.36	1.89	1.1	0.79	0.43
Days with precip.	14	11	13	12	11	12
Hours of sunshine	227	202	250	255	276	280

	July	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec
Average high in °F	88	89	89	87	84	82
Average low in °F	74	75	74	73	71	68
Av. precipitation - inch	0.51	0.47	0.75	2.17	2.28	2.83
Days with precip.	14	13	13	13	13	15
Hours of sunshine	293	290	279	257	221	211

Resources
http://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/wri034156/pdf/wri03-04156.pdf 
http://www.usclimatedata.com/climate.php?location=USHI0026

Chapter 4 Honolulu Political Economy

     Honolulu Harbor, known also as Kulolia, was entered by the first foreigner, Captain William Brown of the English ship Butterworth, in 1794. He named the harbor Fair Haven. Other foreign captains then referred to it as Brown's Harbor. The name Honolulu (with numerous variations in spelling) soon came into use. In the 1800s, the City of Honolulu was the area near the harbor which is now referred to as downtown Honolulu.
Honolulu became the most important shipping point in Hawaii. It flourished with the sandalwood export and then as a supply port for whalers. Sugar, pineapples, light manufacturing, tourism and defense installations followed as economic mainstays and the last two remain so to this day.
     Seamen, colonizers, adventurers, merchants and missionaries from America and Europe westernized the Hawaiian Islands. Probably the greatest influence was by the group of missionaries who arrived from New England in 1820. They left a lasting imprint in fields of religion, education, economics and politics. Later, immigrants from Asia brought other cultural values and practices that helped to fashion the unique Hawaiian culture of today.
     In 1850, Kamehameha III proclaimed Honolulu the capital city of his kingdom. It is still the capital and dominant city of the nation's 50th State.

     Shortly after the conquest of Oahu, the high chief of Kauai surrendered sovereignty to King Kamehameha I and all the islands were united as one government. During the monarchy, local affairs were administered through the Privy Council, the Minister of the Interior and the governors appointed by the king for each island. Even for a period after U.S. annexation of the islands in 1898 and the creation of the Territory of Hawaii by the Congress in 1900, there was no municipal government.
In 1905, the Territorial Legislature passed the law which formed the basis of modern government in Hawaii. It established five counties: Kauai, Oahu, Maui, Hawaii and Kalawao. Kalawao was the Hansen's Disease settlement on Molokai's Kalaupapa peninsula under the jurisdiction of the state's Health Department. The four other counties were governed by elected Boards of Supervisors.
The state government retained many traditional county government functions and over the next several decades took on even more, giving Hawaii the most centralized state government. The state administers the entire court system, the public health, welfare, correctional and school systems in addition to all harbors, airports and major highways.

     Several services are contracted out to businesses or private nonprofit organizations, including the operation and maintenance of the bus system, the refuse incinerator/power generating plant, refuse landfill and convenience centers, and animal control services
Resource
http//www1.honolulu.gov/cchnl.htm 

Chapter 3 Honolulu Historical Settlement

         

Archaeological evidence suggests that the first settlers to the Hawaiian Islands arrived from the Marquesas sometime between 500 and 750. Settlers from Tahiti arrived sometime in 1000 and may have enslaved the Marquesans, forcing them to build temples and work in the fields.

The British explorer Captain James Cook (1728–79) was the first known Westerner to sight the island of Oahu, on January 18, 1778. He was killed in a fight with Hawaiians when he returned to the islands a year later. Many Westerners would soon come to the islands, some with the idea of conquest in mind. By the late eighteenth century, powerful Hawaiian rulers battled for control of the archipelago. In 1795, King Kamehameha the Great (c. 1758–1819; r. 1792–1819), who controlled the Big Island of Hawaii, captured Maui and Molokai and set his eyes on Oahu. Kamehameha's large fleet of battle canoes landed in present-day Waikiki. His soldiers moved across the valley and into the mountains pursuing Kalanikupule, the king of Oahu.

Kamehameha had quite an advantage. Among his troops were several Western sharpshooters with firearms. With superior firepower, they forced Kalanikupule's troops high into the valley. In the final battle, hundreds of Oahuans were forced to jump to their deaths from the Nuuanu Pali (cliffs). After his victory, Kamehameha united the islands under one kingdom.

     During the time of the Kamehameha's invasion, Honolulu was little more than a village of small huts near the water. In 1793, Captain William Brown directed his English frigate Butterworth into what is now known as Honolulu Harbor. He named it Fair Heaven, but it came to be known as Brown's Harbor. It is not clear how the harbor came to be known as Honolulu, which means protected bay. But it was clear to sailors that the bay offered a perfect place to set anchor. As more ships came, Honolulu began to grow. By 1809, King Kamehameha moved his residence from Waikiki to Honolulu to tighten his control on the valuable sandalwood trade. By the 1820s, whaling ships began to stop in Honolulu. Their crews were a rough crowd. Taverns and brothels soon followed to serve their needs. Not far behind were Christian missionaries who traveled to the islands to convert the Hawaiians.

 

     

      For the United States, the Territory of Hawaii—especially Honolulu—became a key military post. Large installations were built, including bases inside Diamond Head, an extinct volcano and important Honolulu landmark. Massive guns pointed out to sea. Through the early 1900s, the military presence grew steadily.

     "A day that will live in infamy," President Franklin D. Roosevelt (1882–1945; president 1933–45) told Americans on December 7, 1941, after 360 Japanese aircraft dropped bombs on Pearl Harbor, just west of Honolulu, and other military bases throughout the island of Oahu. A 798-kilogram (1,760-pound) armor-piercing bomb slammed through the deck of the USS Arizona and ignited its forward ammunition magazine. The massive explosion at about 8:10 AM was heard in Honolulu. In less than nine minutes, the ship sank with its crew. The loss of the Arizona symbolized the beginning of World War II (1939–45) for Americans; the explo sion that instantly galvanized public opinion in favor of the war effort. Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto, who planned the attack on Pearl Harbor even though he opposed going to war against the United States, said he feared that Japan "had awakened a sleeping giant and filled him with a terrible resolve."

     In all, 2,341 military personnel and 54 civilians were killed. More than 50 of the bombs that fell on Honolulu were American Navy anti-aircraft shells that missed their targets. The Japanese destroyed eight battleships, three destroyers, and 188 planes, bombing several military targets throughout the island. The Japanese lost 64 men, 29 aircraft, and five midget submarines.

In the middle of the Pacific, Honolulu played a crucial role in the war against Japan. More than one million soldiers passed through the city on their way to battles in the Pacific. Thousands who died in the war were buried in a cemetery in Honolulu. Its residents lived under martial law for more than three years, the only place in the United States subjected to such measures.

 Resource

 http://www.city-data.com/world-cities/Honolulu-History.html

Chapter 2 Honolulu Environment

 
Honolulu has close to 900,000 residents in less than 1,554 square kilometers, Oahu, once a pristine island, has suffered much environmental degradation.  Sugar plantations and other agricultural activities added pollution problems to the island.  There is little air pollution, but the island remains sensitive to water pollution.  Some of its beaches are in danger of erosion, however the endangered green turtle has shown signs of recovery in Hawaii. 

The visual pollution of the controversial Honolulu Rapid transit grates against what we hold dear about Hawaii.  The massive cement structures make locals gasp.  These jarring pockmarks will scar Ohau's complexion and cannot simply be hidden by plants the Department of Environment Services (ENV)  takes care of everything  the wastewater from our drains, the trash and green wastes from homes and lawns, along with debris washed from the land by storm water.  Every day the ENV collects and treats about 105 million gallons of wastewater along with gathering the trash from the curb and disposing it six days a week.  The ENV provides services larger mission is to work in partnership with the residents of the City and County of Honolulu to make sure the island have a clean, safe environment.  The company works with businesses, individuals and sister agencies to foster a sense of joint responsibility for aina to protect the children. 

  Resources
http://www.civilbeat.com/posts/2012/08/09/16796-assaults-on-hawaiis-environment-unite-st... 
http://www.city-data.com/world-cities/Honolulu-Environment.html

Ch. 1 Introduction

     Honolulu is located on Oahu in Hawaii which, is the largest and best known and most popular city of the U.S. State of Hawaii. Honolulu is the Capital of Hawaii and it is the southernmost major U.S. City.  It is the most urban areas on the southeastern shore of the Island of Oahu.  "The Hawaiian islands were discovered by British captain James Cook in 1778 and annexed as a US territory by President McKinley is 1898." (http://www.citytowninfo.com/places/hawaii/honolulu)
     Its Geography has contributed to becoming the most commercial hub of the Pacific and a strategic  military center.  Honolulu is the is the number 1 vacation spots of Hawaiian kingdom.  Honolulu is the tropical paradise with a thriving metropolis.